中国梦之声
中国假期制度75年变迁：单休改双休用了45年，除夕重回法定假期_我的网站
一 | 12日，我国放假办法迎来了一次重要调整。 New Delhi, Oct 10 (UNI) After a prolonged illness, Samajwadi Party founder and former Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav passed away on Monday at the age of 82. President Droupadi Murmu calls him "Dharti Putra" as Prime Minister Narendra Modi and other leaders across party lines remember him.
President Murmu tweeted: "The death of Shri Mulayam Singh Yadav is an irreparable loss to the country.
"The achievements of Mulayam Singh Yadav ji, who came from an ordinary environment, were extraordinary.
"'Dharti Putra' Mulayam ji was a veteran leader associated with the land. He was respected by people of all parties. My deepest condolences to his family members and supporters!"
Considered close to the late SP chief, Modi tweeted: "Shri Mulayam Singh Yadav Ji was a remarkable personality. He was widely admired as a humble and grounded leader who was sensitive to people’s problems. He served people diligently and devoted his life towards popularising the ideals of Loknayak JP and Dr. Lohia", along with some file photos of the two leaders.
"Mulayam Singh Yadav Ji distinguished himself in UP and national politics. He was a key soldier for democracy during the Emergency. As Defence Minister, he worked for a stronger India. His Parliamentary interventions were insightful and emphasised on furthering national interest.
"I had many interactions with Mulayam Singh Yadav Ji when we served as Chief Ministers of our respective states. The close association continued and I always looked forward to hearing his views. His demise pains me. Condolences to his family and lakhs of supporters. Om Shanti," Modi said.
Announcing three days state mourning on his predecssor's death, Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath tweeted: "The demise of former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Shri Mulayam Singh Yadav ji is extremely sad.
"His death marked the end of a major pillar of socialism and a struggling era." Adityanath spoke to Mulayam Singh's son Akhilesh Yadav on the phone and also said: "His last rites will be performed with full state honours."
Union Home Minister Amit Shah expressed his condolences to Singh's family and supporters. "In this hour of grief. May God give place to the departed soul at his feet", he tweeted.
"Mulayam Singh Yadav ji remained active in politics for decades with his unique political skills. During the Emergency, he raised his voice for the restoration of democracy. He will always be remembered as a grassroots mass leader. His death marks the end of an era in Indian politics," Shah said.
DMK chief and Tamil Nadu CM MK Stalin tweeted: Saddened by the demise of former CM of UP and senior leader of @samajwadiparty Thiru. Mulayam Singh.
"One of the tallest figures in Indian Politics who stood for reservation for the OBC, Thiru Mulayam Singh was deeply committed to secular ideals. His death is an irreparable loss."
CPM General Secretary Sitaram Yechury tweeted: "The champion of the interests of the marginalised and backward: Shri Mulayam Singh Yadav ji steadfastly fought against religious bigotry at a crucial time for India, upholding the unity and integrity of India. Deepest condolences."
BSP chief and Mulayam's long-time rival in the state, Mayawati, tweeted: "Very sad news of the passing away of veteran Samajwadi Party leader and former Chief Minister of UP Shri Mulayam Singh Yadav ji today. My deepest condolences to his family and all well wishers. May nature give them all the strength to bear this sorrow."
Congress leaders Jairam Ramesh, Shashi Tharoor also tweeted.
Ramesh: "Mulayam Singh Yadav was a stalwart Lohiaite but had admirers across political spectrum. His tenures as CM of UP were very consequential. He played a key national role on 2 occasions: Deve Gowda & Gujral govts as Defence Min,& in 2002 when he proposed APJ Abdul Kalam for President."
Tharoor: "Profound condolences to @yadavakhilesh on the passing of his eminent father Mulayam Singh Yadav ji. I had met the former DefenceMinister at the @UN & subsequently exchanged thoughts with him at the LokSabha. A political giant has passed. A great loss to all Indians. OM Shanti."
Tharoor also said:"As a mark of respect for the late Mulayam Singh Yadav ji I am cancelling my Lucknow programme today."
NCP MP Supriya Sule tweeted: "Deeply saddened to hear about the demise of Former Union Defence Minister and Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Mulayam Singh Yadav Ji. Netaji was one of the tallest socialist leader our country has seen."
Shiv Sena MP Priyanka Chaturvedi tweeted: "My heartfelt condolences to Shri Akhilesh Yadav, the Yadav family family, all members of Samajwadi Party & its supporters on the passing of stalwart leader & Fmr CM of UP, Shri Mulayam Singh Yadav ji. He leaves behind a huge legacy of work&service. He will be hugely missed."
Shiromani Akali Dal chief Sukhbir Singh Badal tweeted: "The nation has lost a doyen in the passing away of Shri Mulayam Singh Yadav ji. A socialist icon, he will be known for empowering the under-privileged. My heartfelt condolences to @yadavakhilesh & the entire Samajwadi family."
Top businessman Gautam Adani tweeted: "Saddened that Shri Mulayam Singh Yadav is no more. His contributions in laying the foundations for a stronger India and expansive UP will be long remembered. A rare titan, MSY will be missed. My deepest condolences to Shri Akhilesh Yadav and family."
Mulayam Singh died at the Medanta Hospital in Gurugram following multiple organ failure, according to reports.
He was one of the most prominent leaders of Uttar Pradesh and had served as the chief minister of the state thrice besides serving in the Union government as the defence minister. He was elected 10 times as MLA and 7 times as Lok Sabha MP.
UNI ING。
二 | 新增了2天法定假日：农历除夕和5月2日。此次调整的放假办法看，有两大主要看点：一是除夕放假，春节假期延长。
三 | 二是“五一”国际劳动节法定假日多1天，调休减少。
四 | 从单休到双休，从三大黄金周到如今的小长假，从除夕“被踢”到重回法定假期，中国的公休制度经历了几十年的变革，步伐从未停止。每次调整，虽然看似小小的改变，却都折射出中国社会从生产导向到消费驱动的转型。这一过程中，不仅为国民提供了更多休闲和消费的机会，也有力推动国内旅游业和相关产业的发展，为经济增长注入新的活力。从“单休”到“黄金周”——中国公休制度的成长史 1949-1993：单休制度的试水与调整新中国成立初期，国家的公休制度非常简单——单休。
五 | 1949年，《全国年节及纪念日放假办法》首次提出法定假期制度，新年、春节、劳动节和国庆纪念日成为全体人民共同享有的可休假节日，其中新年、劳动节各放假1天，国庆纪念日放假2天，春节放假3天，总天数7天。此外，妇女、中等学校以上学生、儿童及军事机关人员还分别享有妇女节、青年节、儿童节、建军节各半天的假期。1949年版还规定，属于全体群众的假日，如果遇到星期日，应在周一补假；属于部分群众享有的假日，则不补假。
六 | 虽然假期安排看起来不多，但毕竟是为了解决当时特殊时期社会生产力有限的问题。不过，随着经济发展，政府也开始对劳动者的休息时间进行调整。
七 | 1952年，国务院发布了《劳动就业问题的决定》，提出有害健康的工作可以减少工时，甚至实施“做三休一”制度。这一切，都是为了保证在高强度生产的同时，劳动者能够有更多的休息。1994-2006：经济腾飞，迎来了中国的“黄金周”到了90年代，改革开放带来了中国经济的飞速发展，人民生活水平也有了显著提升。这时候，公休制度的改革加速了。1994年，国务院出台了《职工工作时间的规定》，规定每周工作44小时，并且提出可以根据实际情况安排大小周休假。同年7月，全国人大常委会通过《中华人民共和国劳动法》，以法律形式确定8-44工作制度，并严格限制每日加班时间不超过3小时，平时、休息日、法定假日加班工资为正常水平的150%/200%/300%。1999年，假期改革的脚步再度加快。
八 | 国务院改革出台新的法定休假制度，每年春节、劳动节及国庆节的法定假日均设为3天。也就是从这一年“十一”开始，旅游黄金周的概念渐渐诞生。至此，我国法定假期提升至10天。
九 | 1999年版延续了上一版本中适合部分公民放假的节日及纪念日安排，仍为妇女节、青年节、儿童节及建军节。不同的是，将儿童节由半天延长至1天，妇女节、青年节、建军节放假时间维持半天；且对于适应人群的身份限定得更为具体、规范。对于补假安排，1999年版规定，全体公民放假的假日，如果适逢星期六，星期日，应当在工作日补假；部分公民放假的假日，如果适逢星期六，星期日，则不补假。这与1949年规定只在周一补假的情形有所不同，因而也令放假前后调休、调班现象出现，事实上每年都会出现两次“七天长假”。2007-2024：黄金周一存一废，增加传统节日进入2007年，国务院再次对《全国年节及纪念日放假办法》进行了重大调整。五一劳动节的3+4黄金周被取消，改为1天的法定假期，但清明、端午和中秋节却被增设为法定假期，令全体公民放假的节日天数由10天增至11天。具体安排为：新年、清明节、劳动节、端午节、中秋节各1天；春节、国庆节各3天。与前两个版本都不同的是，春节开始放假的时间由初一提前到了除夕。
十 | 至此我国已确立115天法定休息日制度，并沿用至今（法定假期达11天，全年公休104天）。随后的几年里，假期安排逐渐向“弹性化”迈进，并引入小长假与调休制度。例如，2013年，国务院对《办法》进行了第3次修订，除夕曾被“踢”出法定假日；2015年，除夕重回春节假期，但这不代表除夕又“回归”为法定假日，而只是被纳入春节长假之中，把调休时间提前，体现了政策执行的灵活性。2023年，国务院还为2024年安排的假期新增一天，春节假期更是延长至8天，实际休假天数不断上升，2024年全年假期天数达116天，为劳动力市场带来了更多的休息与消费机会。“调休”与“放假”——假期政策的背后，隐藏着哪些商机？这次最新的调整，将农历除夕和5月2日纳入了法定假期，为春节和劳动节增添了更多的假期时间。特别是对于春节，4天的假期让大家有更多的时间享受家庭团聚的同时，也可以进行短途旅游或休闲。
十一 | 与此同时，国务院也强调了“合理调休”这一点，指出“除个别特殊情形外，法定节假日假期前后连续工作一般不超过6天”，给企业更多的灵活性，这不仅仅是能让员工的工作与生活更加平衡，也意味着一个更健康的消费市场正在悄然形成。假期制度的变化不仅仅是为了“休息”，更是推动经济发展的重要手段。财通证券的数据显示，2019年，中国的旅游收入达到5.7万亿元，占当年GDP的5.8%。黄金周、双休制和小长假激发了人们的出行热情，带动了酒店、景区、餐饮、交通等一系列消费产业。国金认为，假期政策的潜在调整（如取消调休）可能进一步激发休闲旅游需求。
十二 | 特别是自然景区和在线旅游平台。数据显示，2023年第三季度，国内旅游人次达到15.7亿，同比增长21.3%。前三季度总出游人次为42.9亿，同比增长16.8%，显示出旅游意愿的强劲释放。财通证券也指出，假期制度改革对旅游行业的经济贡献显著。2019年，国内旅游收入达到5.7万亿元，占当年GDP的5.8%。报告指出，假期制度不仅拉动了短途和长途出行的需求，还刺激了相关行业如景区、酒店、在线旅游平台（OTA）、餐饮和零售的增长。本文来自华尔街见闻，欢迎下载APP查看更多。
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